Elementary Classroom Observation Essay Sample free essay sample

I am convey oning my administration obtaining hours at Palm Springs North Elementary School. which educates classs between pre-kindergarten and fifth class. This school is situated in Palm Springs North. Florida. This basic school has a whole enlistment of 966 understudies most life inside the Palm Springs North and Miami Lakes nation. The understudy segment comprise of 87 % Hispanic. 7 % White. 5 % Black. 1 % Asiatic and 0 % other. Directly the school has one head. three VPs and around 65 full clasp educators. It has a student to educator proportion of around 15 understudies for every teacher. The mean understudy educator proportion for Miami-Dade County is 16 to 1. I am recognizing the schoolroom of Mrs. Yessenia Prieto. She shows third class semantic correspondence humanistic orders. Mrs. Prieto earned her evaluation in Education for classs K-5. She has just shown rudimentary and has been an educator now for close to 10 mature ages. Her mean classification size is around 30 studen ts. 60 % of her students are male childs and 40 % are young ladies. There is a little gathering of Esol understudies in her class which should be educated in the Spanish etymological correspondence. Despite the fact that the majority of the schools socioeconomics is Latino during my perceptions hours I have seen that there are numerous subcultures inside the understudy natural structure. A subculture is portrayed as a cultural gathering with shared highlights that recognize It in some way from the bigger gathering in which it is implanted ( Cushner. McClelland. also, Safford ; 2007 ) . The set up of this schoolroom is not quite the same as the customary schoolroom. It is situated on the second floor of the main building. It is a major loosened vast which is isolated by splitters which shape the various schoolrooms. The understudies have little individual work area which are gathered in fives. The educators work area is situated in the dorsum of the schoolroom and shockingly it does non hold a processing machine. There is a level board broadcasting on the divider which is turned on in the forenoon to give the forenoon school knowledge and sing the national song of praise. Now and again this broadcasting is other than utilized for introductions or exercisings which oblige all larning types. aside from kinaesthetic researchers which require a more â€Å"hands-on† assault. On an everyday balance Mrs. Prieto composes the everyday task on the board that the understudies need to chip away at. They are approached to take out their journal which is regularly either a perusing or making journal. The understudies are so approached to make three short assignments. At this clasp of the twelvemonth they are fixing for FCAT demonstrating so most assignments given are for perusing. They read a short story and answer a couple of requests sing the perusing. When the clasp is up the teacher recites the account so anyone can hear along with the understudies. She so gives out bronzed pens and have them investigate their ain answers. I watched the understudies get eager to answer the requests. Imparting their answers to each other and working in bunches urges the students to connect and happen commonalties among one another. The little size of this schoolroom permits Mrs. Prieto to be genuinely originative and gracefully customized going to which turns out to be explici tly useful for specific students who need it. I understood that in a little schoolroom versus a bigger one understudies arraign more with the teacher and the schoolroom is a lot simpler to pull off. I accept this to at last be even more an advantage to the understudy than it is to the teacher. Other than. Mrs. Prieto needs to give a portion of her class clasp to her E. S. E. understudies. which much of the time need additionally joining in and clasp to finish assignments. The understudies who require the most going to from the teacher are the non English discourse creation students. The gathering is made out of around 7 students all of Hispanic good. Mrs Prieto is a Spanish discourse creation educator so she can pass on viably with this little gathering of students. I saw this takes into consideration the students to encounter like they have a place with the rest of the schoolroom regardless of the reality they do non talk a similar etymological correspondence as the vast majority of different understudies. At the point when they are drenched in an intercultural situation. this feeling of having a place might be difficult to achieve in light of the fact that they do non cognize the guidelines of conduct in the new situation ( Cushner. McClelland. also, Safford ; 2007 ) . In spite of the fact that they are non ready to comprehend the method of the normal class they get specific clasp and path for their assignments. To make this comprehensive condition the teacher must be after in front and equilibrate the diverse securing habits to get familiar with a similar stuff to all the understudies in the classification. What I found the most fascinating is a task that the students take a shot at for around 30 min a few times a hebdomad. These assignments are perusing and creating assignments which set up the understudies for FCAT demonstrating. The teacher hands out the bundles to every one of the understudies. They take a shot at a similar bundle each clasp. The understudies are alloted times to peruse the advances and answer requests. They check their ain answers and take cut take separating in the various exercises. The bundle is used in the occurrence an understudy does non experience the FCAT. In the event that the student performed great in the bundle practices however bombed the FCAT the bundle would let the understudy to have a passing position. The devotion I watched Mrs. Prieto have with the students. doing certain they do great in these assignments was to be appreciated. It is extremely evident that it is non a simple endeavor at manus yet what is obvious is the wages it produces.

Soccer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Soccer - Essay Example During typical rivalries, a success results to three focuses while an attract results to one point. The fundamental law of this game is that solitary the goalkeeper should deal with the ball utilizing hands during play aside from in occurrences of a toss in (Wingate, 2007). The players ought not wear any perilous material, for example, gems while the goalkeeper must wear discernable apparel that is not quite the same as different players and match authorities. Replacement of players happens during the game and the allowed replacements in a serious game are three however this number may change in cordial matches (Wingate, 2007). The explanations behind replacement are injury and inadequacy of a player. What's more, a mentor may substitute a player if there should arise an occurrence of a strategic switch. A ref manage the game and has total power to force the laws related with the game. The arbitrator can send a player off the field in the event of any genuine offense submitted, for example, improper handling and purposeful treatment of the ball. An official may rebuff a player’s unfortunate behavior through alert and issues a yellow card or send off by giving a red card (Wingate, 2007). A standard match comprises of two periods including forty-five minutes each (Wingate, 2007). What's more, there is a fifteen minutes break in the midst of equal parts. The arbitrator who is the watch may select to give extra an ideal opportunity to recoup time lost in light of going to a harmed player. Definitively, an individual must ace a few abilities to consummate in this game, for example, shooting, shuffling, and spilling (Wingate, 2007). Protectors need to ace the aptitude of

Drug Testing Law Free Essays

Laws for the trial of workers or occupation candidates for medication or liquor misuse have evoked the cognizance of numerous since its origin in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan marked an Executive Order 12564, that precluded every single government representative to cease themselves from utilizing illicit medications, as a state of bureaucratic business. And afterward two years after the fact, Congress passed the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 which made administrative Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing which was applied to official organizations of the national government, the formally dressed administrations, and temporary workers or specialist organizations under agreement with the central government. In spite of the fact that this Act was just applied to Federal governments yet states and Local Governments followed the suit. We will compose a custom exposition test on Medication Testing Law or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now  There is no uncertainty of the way that Drug and Alcohol maltreatment by workers makes loss of billions of dollars every year and gives an incredible set back to the economy all in all yet from the representatives perspective it is a sheer infringement of their own privileges, and its abuse is a reason for mortification to a few planned workers. It is good obligation of the businesses to check the threat of medication decrees in the work place however this good policing disturbs Kant’s religious philosophy of Categorical objective. Internationally,â the of medication testing in work place is canvassed in a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12 whereby it is announced that â€Å"No one ought to be exposed to self-assertive impedance with his privacy†. The 1996 ILO Code of Practice on Management of liquor and medication related issues pronounces that the testing ought to be attempted in agreement to national laws and practice. The Guiding Principles of thisâ testing, which is referenced in the Annex V of the Code of Practice, obviously accentuation on laborers rights, bosses rights, open rights and individual rights. Infact even in 2003,â the International Labor Organization announced that , â€Å"Drug testing in the work environment is an issue plagued with specialized, legitimate and moral controversies.†(Legal Testing In Work Place, Last Change On Tuesday, 31st October 2006.) Indeed, even the European Convention on Human Rights, embraced in 1950 to ensures the privilege to security, aside from â€Å"in the enthusiasm of national security, open wellbeing or the monetary prosperity of the nation, for the anticipation of confusion and wrongdoing, for the insurance of wellbeing and ethics, or for the assurance of the rights and opportunities of others† . In the European Union, In the European Directive 89/391/EEC on the presentation of empowering in upgrades in the security and wellbeing of laborers at work, applies as indicated by Article 6 that the business have an obligation guaranteeing the security and soundness of laborers in each angle identified with the work, with Art.6(5) excusing the laborers from risk for monetary cost. Even in Artical 11 expresses that â€Å"Employers will counsel laborers or potentially their delegates and permit them to partake in conversations on all inquiries identifying with security and wellbeing at work†. In various nations there are various examples for tranquilize testing in the work place. Just Finland (2003), Ireland (2005) and Norway (2005) reports obviously and explicitly addresses the issue of medication testing in the workplace.â Nevertheless, for various nations, there are various examples/contrasts are noticeable. Kant accepts that people assumes a significant job in creation. Just simply passing the law doesn't the legitimize the activity. The requesting of the utilization of medication in work environment is a framework that can't convince moral activity or viewed as bases for moral decisions, In his ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals’ (1785) Kant gave us three renditions of the Categorical Imperatives of all the ethical orders are based: 1. ‘Act as though the adage of your activity was to become through your will an all inclusive law of nature.’ In Christianity this just implies ‘You treat others in the event that you need others to treat you.’ (Matthew 7:12). However, the inquiry emerges how it is associated with Compulsory medication testing in work place? The explanation is basic, the mandatory medication testing is itself a disparaging and you are rewarding others in embarrassing way. â€Å"’Act so that you generally treat humankind, regardless of whether in your own individual or in the individual of some other, never just as a methods, and yet as an end.’ In this setting it infers that medication testing is out of line, as the blameless people who has never contacted tranquilizes all through the life need to confront the testing which suggests the trial of pee. People are the most significant factor in choosing what is good or moral and their enduring is never supported as a way to any end. 3. ‘So go about as though you were through your sayings a law-production individual from a realm of ends’ Prior to making or executing any law, the privileges of others ought to consistently be remembered. Nobody ought to include oneself in Prisoner’s Dilemma for example no one should simply follow the childish interests and others ought to likewise not become a manikin and stalls out in the trap of distrustful life.â The American Civil Liberties Union contradicts aimless pee testing (American Civil Liberties Union Briefing Paper Number 5 +â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€+ DRU) The Kant hypothesis says that human instinct was in a general sense great and can comprehend and characteristic in their character, the ethical decisions. It is shameless to take tranquilize in Work places since it very well may be destructive to the organization, however interrupting into the protection of the individual regardless of whether the person is guiltless which as indicated by the organization is a demonstration of ethical quality yet sum to deceptive conduct As the man was conceived in this world, he is conveying along age to age among others the trademark or quality of what he called as Selfishness or egotistical thought process. Also, this characteristic is unequivocally coordinated in the hypothesis Psychological pride, which propounds that each individual is in an ownership of however one extreme point: her own government assistance. All the exercises that he does in a roundabout way or legitimately are enclosed around their own interest.â If you are accomplishing something for the wellbeing of your own that unpredictably includes your movement is profiting yours and others and furthermore should want to do the thing for the good of your own. Want is the most essential thing for mental selfishness. On the off chance that it is a longing to do certain things, at that point the fulfillment of these wants is a piece of your government assistance. On the off chance that I am helping other people and here additionally your longing comes and is a piece of government assistance. For this situation of medication testing, here the businesses infers the medication testing for the government assistance of others yet it is his personal responsibility or inclination of benefit and keeping up ethical quality in the work place that plays in the brain of the businesses while forcing drug testing on representatives. This is a law in itself yet turned into a longing †a craving of managers. A more concerning issue for mental vanity is that some conduct doesn't appear to be clarified without anyone else in regards to wants. State a trooper hurls himself on an explosive to keep others from being murdered. It doesn't appear that the trooper is seeking after his apparent personal circumstance. It is conceivable that, whenever asked, the officer would have said that he hurled himself on the explosive since he needed to spare the lives of others or in light of the fact that it was his obligation. While this law is enclosed with parcel of analysis, the mental vain person suggests that what manager is doing is correct. In spite of the fact that he is seeking after his own personal responsibility then likewise it is upheld that what he is doing is useful for the Society overall. However, he may is removing the privilege of occupation to the meriting or qualified applicant, it is additionally conceivable that however he should he consuming medications previously yet has as of late shut down it. In this circumstance, you are determining their basic option to live. This mental vain person demonstrates that organizations ought to receive the technique or methods by spreading the government assistance and benefit that is appended to this law, and afterward executed with the personal circumstance of the organization, clarifying all the constructive outcomes to the individuals. Indeed, the law expresses that you don’t need to submit to medicate testing on the off chance that you don’t need to. That’s your right. Yet, the outcomes may be the equivalent on the off chance that you neglected to go along the medication testing, since then you will be viewed as blameworthy until you are demonstrated honest under the present program. Once more, under civil or state sedate testing laws, a business may have great aim to terminate you, while potential managers may decline to recruit you. This medication testing may diminish tranquilize related issues, however it may not decrease the mischief that the medications caused in the public arena. To be sure, this procedure builds the mischief to those not dissuaded, by causing security unsafe effects on relatives and others. Its craving sway on the Society is the diminishing in work open doors for sedate clients, moreover it likewise makes monetary issues for tranquilize clients and their families, and thus the injury that is caused because of joblessness again builds the odds of medication clients towards more utilization of medications to assuage from injury and stress. For instance, in 1990, 1.1 % of utilized grown-ups utilize the cocaine, while the rate for jobless grown-ups was 2.7%, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991. Hence the expulsion of medication use from the work spot may not lessen the quantity of issue clients however may really expand it. REFERANCES 1.â â â â â Legal status of medication testing in the work environment, http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.Content;nNodeID=16901;sLanguageISO=EN, Last change: Tuesday, 31 October 2006 2.â â â â â Drug Testing in the Workplace, From the ‘Lectric Law L

Violence Against Women especially on Dowry Murder and Honor Essay

Viciousness Against Women particularly on Dowry Murder and Honor Killings.The Agents That Control Women's Reproductive Choice and wellbeing, particularly on Government and the Global Economy - Essay Example In part 2, while examining savagery against ladies, Burn talks about two key focuses as the very underpinnings of share murder and respect killings. Especially, Burn is clear cut that endowment murder has its supporting in male’s more noteworthy monetary force. To Burn, men are more monetarily blessed than ladies, so most social orders have financial frameworks that are man centric in nature. In this way, the custom of paying endowment is perhaps the starkest indication of male financial mastery. After entering marriage, two or three doesn't begin from a state of uniformity, since settlement has been paid. Hence, Burn considers the to be as an inconspicuous meaning of responsibility for man over the lady. This turns into a reproducing ground for aggressive behavior at home and murder. The other factor that supports respect killings is men’s more prominent political force. This extreme grouping of intensity in the hands of men makes men control establishments and utilize similar foundations to abuse ladies who run contrary to the natural order of things. In exceptionally male centric and undemocratic social orders, men control the instruments of pressure to expose ladies to respect killings. In section 3, Burn fights that the administration holds a huge influence on women’s regenerative decisions through enactment. For example, numerous states have enactments that prohibit premature birth, while there are others which give exceptionally small financing to women’s regenerative wellbeing. Besides, Burn expresses that the worldwide economy undermines women’s conceptive decisions when approaches addressing demography and proliferation are mooted and actualized without the thought of ladies, who are the youngster bearers. There are a few slivers of confirmations that Burn uses to underscore her point. For example, she utilizes factual arrangements to show how the administration can crash the effort of women’s choice in regenerative issues. For example, Burn cites the UN measurements which show that in 2003, there were 35

The Real Reason for Washingtons Crazy Street Patterns

The Real Reason for Washingtons Crazy Street Patterns Watch out. Here comes the apocalypse once more. Watchers of the History Channels Ancient Aliens discovered that the insane streetmap of Washington, D.C. with its roundabouts and calculated roads, depends on divine routes, old outsiders, and Luciferian New World Order. City organizer Pierre Charles LEnfant would be stunned to find out about this. Brought into the world August 2, 1754 in France, Monsieur LEnfant is most popular for structuring the D.C. roadways of circles and spokes, a 1791 ground breaking strategy that changed a fix of marsh and farmland into the capital of the United States. Indeed, even today, quite a bit of Washington, D.C. with its wide avenues and open squares follows LEnfants unique idea. Be that as it may, was LEnfants configuration propelled by Freemasonry, outsiders, and the mysterious - or perhaps the systematic French Baroque styles of the day? The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) of the National Park Service has offered us the response. In archiving the noteworthiness of LEnfants plan, they state: The noteworthy arrangement of Washington, District of Columbia - the countries capital - planned by Pierre LEnfant in 1791 as the site of the Federal City, speaks to the sole American case of an exhaustive elaborate city plan with an organized arrangement of transmitting roads, parks and vistas laid over a symmetrical framework. Impacted by the structures of a few European urban communities and eighteenth-century gardens, for example, Frances Palace of Versailles, the arrangement of Washington, D.C, was emblematic and imaginative for the new country. Existing frontier towns without a doubt affected LEnfants conspire, similarly as the arrangement of Washington, thusly, impacted ensuing American city planning.... LEnfants plan was amplified and extended during the early many years of the twentieth century with the recovery of land for waterfront parks, turnpikes, and improved Mall, and new landmarks and vistas. A long time since its structure, the honesty of the arrangement of Washingt on is generally healthy - flaunting a lawfully authorized stature limitation, finished parks, wide roads, and open space permitting planned vistas.- LEnfant-McMillan Plan of Washington, D.C. (The Federal City), HABS No. DC-668, 1990-1993, pp. 1-2 The Legends and Stories The genuine story of LEnfants configuration is one of expert urban structure - building arranging dependent on study and history. The delicious stories that were created may have started with preference. One of the first assessors of the District of Columbia was Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806), a free African-American. Banneker and Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) were enrolled by George Washington to stake out the limits for Americas new capital, the Federal City. Since he knew somewhat about space science, Banneker utilized divine counts to separate the outskirts. A Black man utilizing the stars and the moon, alongside the Freemasonry of a portion of the Founding Fathers, and accounts of the mysterious and another administration dependent on Satanism was sure to prosper. The road structure in Washington, D.C., has been spread out in such a way, that certain Luciferic images are portrayed by the avenues, parkways and rotaries, claims one intrigue scholar writing in The Revelation. LEnfant concealed certain occultic mystical images in the design of the new capital, and together they become one huge Luciferic, or occultic, image. On the off chance that this account of urban structure interests you, the speculations about extraterrestrials and propelled human advancements visiting Earth in old occasions might be of further intrigue. Were the roads of Washington, D.C. extremely antiquated runways for outsider spaceships? Look at the full arrangement from the History Channel to discover what other commotion the old outsiders were doing (Ancient Aliens DVD Box set, The Complete Seasons 1â€6). The McMillan Commission LEnfant had come to America to battle in the Revolutionary War, presenting with the Corps of Engineers of the Continental Army. His energy for Americas future was surely known by any semblance of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, yet his turbulent hesitance to bargain didn't agree with the City Commissioners. LEnfants plan lived on, yet he was uninvolved with its turn of events and passed on destitute on June 14, 1825. It wasnt until 1900 when Senator James McMillan led a commission that founded the vision of Pierre LEnfant. To understand the plans of LEnfant, the McMillan Commission enrolled theâ architects Daniel Burnham and Charles F. McKim, the scene modeler Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., and the artist Augustus St. Gaudens - every single well known figure in American plan at the turn of the twentieth century. Pierre Charles LEnfant is covered in Arlington National Cemetery, in a grave sitting above the city he structured however never figured it out. Sources Arlington National Cemetery site. arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Notable-Graves/Prominent-Military-Figures/Pierre-Charles-LEnfantThe Revelation site, theforbiddenknowledge.com/chapter3/A Brief History of Pierre LEnfant and Washington, D.C., Smithsonian.comLEnfant-McMillan Plan of Washington, DC (HABS NO, DC-668, 1990-1993, looked into and composed by Elizabeth Barthold and Sara Amy Leach), Historic American Buildings Survey, National Park Service, Department of the Interior at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ace/pnp/habshaer/dc/dc0700/dc0776/information/dc0776data.pdf; The LEnfant and McMillan Plans, National Park Service [websites got to July 23, 2017]Image of Baroque road plan of 1791 Washington, DC planned by Pierre LEnfant from the LEnfant-McMillan Plan, HABS DC,WASH,612-(2 of 32), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

Have Bad Credit Heres What That Means and How You Can You Fix It

Have Bad Credit Heres What That Means and How You Can You Fix It Have Bad Credit? Heres What That Means and How You Can You Fix It Have Bad Credit? Heres What That Means and How You Can You Fix ItBad credit is usually caused by some combination of two things. And if youre going to improve your score, those two areas are what youll need to tackle.A lot of people are vaguely aware that having bad credit isâ€"wellâ€"bad. They know that it means being denied for personal loans and credit cards from traditional lenders. They know that it means trouble finding an apartmentâ€"or even sometimes a job. They know that if they need money in a hurry, they’ll likely have to rely on short-term bad credit loans or predatory no credit check loans (like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances) to make ends meet.But there’s a lot of things that some people don’t know about bad credit. They don’t know what kind of scores are “bad” versus “fair” or “good.” They don’t know what kind of behavior led to them having a bad credit score in the first place. Most importantly, tons of folks with bad credit don’t understand the steps they need to take in order to fix their score. If you count yourself among their ranks, don’t worry. That’s why we’re here.What is a “bad” credit score?When we’re talking about credit scores, we’re most often talking about FICO scores. These are the most common type of credit score, and they are expressed on a scale from 300 to 850. The higher your score, the better your credit.While there is no hard and fast line demarking “good” credit from “fair” or “bad” credit, there are general tiers of creditworthiness that are useful to know. The quality of your FICO score roughly breaks down along the following lines:Great Credit: 720-850Good Credit: 680-719Fair Credit: 630-679Subprime Credit: 550-629Poor Credit: 300-549So if you have bad credit, that means that you have subprime or poor credit, which is a score between 330 and 629. A score in the subprime range will shut you out from most traditional financial products, especially loans, onli ne loans, or credit cards that are unsecured by collateral. And the kinds of secured loans (like mortgages or auto loans) that you can qualify for will come with much higher interest rates.If you’re wondering what the difference is between subprime credit and poor credit, it’s like the difference between having a few good financial options and having practically no good options at all. With a subprime credit score, you can still qualify for some reasonable and affordable bad credit loansâ€"like certain bad credit installment loansâ€"while a poor credit score under 550 means relying almost entirely on short-term no credit check loans like payday loans and cash advances.How did your score get here?Your FICO score is based on information in your credit reports, which are documents that track your history as a borrower and user of credit over the past seven to ten years. These reports are created and maintained by the three major credit bureaus: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax.The re are five main categories of credit report information that are used to create your credit score. Those categories are your payment history, which makes up 35 percent of your total score, your amounts owed (30 percent), the length of your credit history (15 percent), your credit mix (10 percent) and your recent credit inquiries (10 percent).As you can see from the previous paragraph, your payment history and your amounts owed make up almost two-thirds of your total score. So if you have bad credit, the answer almost certainly lies in some combination of those two areas: You’re not paying your bills on time, you’ve taken out too much debt, or both.  Here’s how you can fix a bad credit score.Luckily, the fact that these two areas have contributed so greatly to your lousy credit means that the solutions for fixing your credit score are fairly clear. Simply put, you need to start paying your bills on time and you need to pay down your outstanding debt!In order to do both of thes e things, you’re going to need a household budget in place. With a budget, you can manage your cash flow to ensure that you always have the money to pay your bills on time, and you can put aside extra funds to pay down your outstanding debts.The two best methods of debt repayment are the Debt Snowball and the Debt Avalanche. Both methods involve putting all your extra debt repayment funds towards one debt at a time while making only your monthly minimum payments on all your other debts. The difference is that the Debt Snowball has you pay your debts off from smallest to largest while the Debt Avalanche has you pay off your highest interest rate firstâ€"saving you money in the long run.When it comes to paying your bills on time, there’s less of a tried and true method. You just have to be extremely vigilant: Even one late payment can hinder your score for years to come. And the later a late payment is made, the longer it can negatively affect your score. If you have trouble payin g certain bills on time because they’re all clumped together, contact your creditors and ask to have your due date changed. Set up automatic alerts so that you know when a bill is coming due.Above all else, what you need is patience. Fixing bad credit takes timeâ€"especially bad credit that arises from a spotty payment history. While waiting for your score to improve, you should also focus on building an emergency fund. That way, your next unexpected bill or surprise expense won’t leave you scrambling to bridge a financial gapâ€"possibly hurting your credit even further.To learn more about improving your credit, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsWill Closing a Credit Card Affect Your Credit Score?How to Build Credit When You Have No Credit at AllWhy Do (Some) Credit Checks Lower Your Score?Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! 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The Story Of Beowulf - Free Essay Example

The story of Beowulf is old and prehistoric, telling about three battles between Beowulf and several bad mythical creatures. These creatures were ruthless killers who killed just for the thrill of killing. Beowulf was a courageous and brave hero warrior who came in and saved Herot from Grendel, Grendels mother, and the dragon. Beowulf represents the original super hero from back in Anglo-Saxon England. He is the hero that created a gap between good and evil. In the poem Beowulf, the first battle Beowulf encounters is with Grendel. He is an epic hero because he is brave and fearless. He is willing to do what the other men are afraid of because he knows if he does not step up and fight the evil, then no one else is going to stand up and do it. He goes into the first fight with a lot of confidence. Beowulf takes down Grendel with ease, but he does not realize what nightmare he has walked into. Like most early peoples, the Anglo-Saxons liked their heroes larger than life. Beowulf surely filled the bill. Not only was he extraordinarily courageous and loyal, but he possessed physical strength far beyond that of other men (Damon, 1). The second battle he has to deal with is focused on Grendels mother. Beowulf thinks that since Grendel was easy to take out that she will be even easier, but she is already very upset about the loss of her son. Beowulf encounters a new problem about supernatural forms when he breaks his sword on Grendels mothers scales. This confused him because now he has to deal with a type of form that he is not familiar with. This set back pushes Beowulf to use all the strength he is capable of. He weakens her, and this gives him the advantage he was looking for in this battle. Only Beowulf dared to dive into the murky water. Down he swam, a full days journey through swarms of sea creatures (Geiger 1). The third and final battle is between Beowulf and the dragon. The dragons supernatural form is way stronger than Beowulf. Because Beowulf has gained age and a slower reaction time this would be the most challenging battle for him. Beowulf goes into this battle with the belief that fate is on his side. Little did he know, this would be the battle that ended him. The dragon fatally wounds him. His men, with the exception of one, run in fear instead of coming to Beowulfs aid and killing the dragon. Wiglaf, the only warrior that stays behind, comes to Beowulfs rescue to fight the dragon. Beowulf shows his bravery in this last fight because before he died he gave his everything to hold the dragon off and prevent the dragon from killing him, his men, and the rest of the people. Beowulfs assumption of an idealized feminine role by becoming a peacemaker between the Geats and the Danes; Role of women in the life of Beowulf (Morey 1). Though it is a make believe story, many historians have been interested in Beowulf for over two hundred years. It is unknown as to who wrote it, where it was written, or when it was written. Beowulf is an epic poem of 3,182 lines which was written in Old English. This poem was written down by the monks somewhere between the tenth and twelth It is thought to be one of the oldest poems to survive the Anglo Saxon time period. Many historians believe that it is the most important works of Old English Literature. Beowulf is set in Scandinavia. Beowulf who is a warrior of the Geats, travels to help Hrothgar, who is king of the Danes, in Herot with his army and aids in the slaying of three beasts. Hrothgars mead hall has been invaded by Grendel, the mythological beast. Beowulf defeats the beats and, his mother comes to Herot seeking revenge for her sons death. The final defeat of Beowulf is in his battle against the dragon who wounds him fatally, and he reaches his death. Once Beowulf is dead, his warriors took him to Geatland to be buried. Society was divided into three classes. At the highest were the thanes, the Saxon social class. They enjoyed looking and banqueting and that they were expected to offer their followers gifts like weapons. Below them were the churls. Some churls were reasonably well off. Others were very poor. However at least they were free. Below them were a category of slaves referred to as thralls. Their lives were very hard. Some churls owned their own land however several rented land from a thane. They paid rent by functioning on the thanes land for a part of the week and by giving him part of their crops. The Anglo Saxons conjointly gave America the most English place names. Anglo Saxon name endings include: ham, a village or estate, tun, which is a farm or estate, hurst, a wooded hill and bury, which is derived from the Anglo Saxon word burh, meaning fortress or fortified settlement. The Anglo Saxons called groups of Roman buildings a caester. In time that world evolved into the place name ending chester, caster or cester. Almost all of them lived in little villages several had but a hundred inhabitants. Each village was mainly self sufficient. The folks required solely a couple of things from outside like salt and iron. They grew their own food and created their own garments. Beowulf is an Anglo Saxon piece of literature about a Pagan warrior who is trying to kill the monster Grendel and also ends up fighting with Grendels mother and then with a dragon to try to save his life he has to have help with the dragon. This poem is probably one of the most unique poems that exist in the world. The Anglo Saxon culture and history is very interesting and mind boggling to think about everything they had to go through in their everyday lives.

Sophocles and Seneca´s Version of Oedipus Rex - 558 Words

Discussion Guide #2: The Differences in Translation of Oedipus The best way to view the translations of Oedipus the King by Sophocles and Seneca is to compare a sketch and a painting. Sophocles is an outline of the story that shows us the highlights in words that are easily digested and transcend through every time period. The word reverent, as spoken in class, applies due to its graceful nature of giving us moral values, while not over-sensationalizing the issues. During Seneca, we are given a violent, bloody, and visually stunning portrayal of Oedipus’ downfall. Each tell the story, but only Seneca features a long soliloquy, massive choral odes, and live-action suicide. He strokes thick, dirty detailed lines that show off the internal struggle of men, damning oracles, and dying cow fetuses. In order to compare the light strokes of Sophocles to Seneca, we first observe the display of Oedipus confronting the troubles that devastate his fatherland. The words given to his people who have gathered at the altar of Zeus, â€Å"My children, scions of the ancient Cadmean line/what is the meaning of this thronging round my feet/this holding out of olive boughs all wreathed in woe?†(5). It is not Oedipus who cries out for his of land, but the priest who takes on the task of reciting their miseries. Seneca introduces us to a king who speaks woes by internal reflection, â€Å"Can any man enjoy being a King? /A blessing? What a cheat! Behind the smile, the smooth front, agony!†

Pearl Harbor Conspiracy, By Japanese Torpedo And Bomber...

Carlos Tovar Professor Couey English 103 Oct. 15, 2015 Pearl Harbor Conspiracy On December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor Naval Base, Hawaii, was attacked by Japanese torpedo and bomber planes. This attack took the lives of 2,402 Americans and left around 1,282 people injured. The surprise attack caused outrage in the American people, news media, government and the world. The following day President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the nation and United States Congress, in response to the attack. In that address, the president asked Congress to declare war on Japan. Congress voted and passed the U.S. Declaration of War on Japan, that very same day. That was America`s entry into World War II. Previous to this attack Americans were reluctant to get involved in another world war, the President on the other hand been trying to convince congress to declare war. So as it turned out a â€Å"surprise attack† was exactly what was needed to get the American people to unite in supporting joining the war. This idea has led to the Pearl Harbor Advance-Knowledge conspiracy theor y. The general idea of this conspiracy theory is that President Franklin D. Roosevelt and other government officials had knowledge that Japan was planning an attack before the attack happened. It even goes as far to claim that the government did somethings to encourage the attack. The reason the president did not take steps to prevent it was that he was enthusiastic in joining the war. Like with any â€Å"conspiracy theory† there isShow MoreRelated The Pearl Harbor Conspiracy Essay2620 Words   |  11 PagesThe Pearl Harbor Conspiracy In the early morning of December 7, 1941 the bombing of Pearl Harbor took place. There was a total of 2,403 Americans killed and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt knew of the attack and did nothing to stop it. He permitted Japan to carry on the attack. There is proof that the president knew of the attack months before it actually took place. He is directly responsible for the lives lost. The U.S. was warned by, at least, the governments

Importance of a Different Teacher to Childrens Learning and New Zealand Schools Free Essay Example, 2000 words

The future leaders of NZ need proper guidance who would enable them to construct a vision for the future. Learning encompasses much more than academic knowledge of facts and figures. The role of education is all about discipline, positive thinking, and building community. Teaching in NZ should be a nurturing process, much more than the role of a mere educator. The future leaders of NZ need proper guidance who would enable them to construct a vision for the future. Learning encompasses much more than academic knowledge of facts and figures. The role of education is all about discipline, positive thinking, and building community. Teaching in NZ should be a nurturing process, much more than the role of a mere educator. The old methods of punishment have come under criticism of late. The punished student feels alienated, dejected and his relationship with his teacher deteriorates. Instead of pointing out what they do not want, teachers in NZ are expected to point out what they do wa nt. At times, they actually teach the student the appropriate behavior. Gradually the children are taught to keep away from problems so that the question of punishment does not arise. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of a Different Teacher to Childrens Learning and New Zealand Schools or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Twenty percent of the students are Maori students. Maori teachers are essential so that the students receive an education that reflects the culture and language of their community. LaRocque (2004) discusses the recommendations of the Education Forum in A New Deal: Making Education Work for all New Zealanders. The recommendations suggest that the teachers and the principals should be allowed to determine the best way to organize themselves especially in view of the diverse student population in NZ. Professionalism is required in the teaching sector. The student should be given the world-class curricula and qualifications.

The Transformation of Celie in The Color Purple by Alice...

Events in history have influenced writers’ style, and the importance in their stories. Alice Walker wrote a novel which was very much subjective by the time period of the 1940’s. There was a great deal of bigotry and tyranny during that time, particularly for Women of color. Women were mentally and physically abused and belittled by man purely because of their race and femininity. Women were considered as ignorant individuals that simply knew how to handle housework and care for the children. The Color Purple, by Alice Walker in 1982 and later made into a movie in 1985 directed by Steven Speilburg tells the story of a young women of color named Celie who endured countless hardships in the time period of racial discrimination and sexism.†¦show more content†¦Throughout the story, several women were extremely mistreated by men. The oppression of women is unmistakable in The Color Purple. It is particularly exposed in association between Celie and her farther. At a very young age Celie was subjected to oppression. Celie was raped repeatedly and pregnant twice by her stepfather and was told to keep quiet about it. You better not never tell nobody but God, Itd kill your mammy (stepfather). I believe this is when Celie began to fear men for most of her life. This act towards any woman is very demeaning. Celie practically struggled for happiness her whole existence. Her father sold her to a man who had no intent of loving or caring for her. Celies’ husband whom she refers to as Mr. physically and verbally abused her. Mr. felt that the only way to keep a woman in check was to beat her and he did just that throughout the movie. Like any woman would though the abuse Celie lost herself and respect for herself. Living with Mr. was a life full of darkness and hatred. Life with her husband was no better life than life with her stepfather. It took years for Celie to become brave enough to fight back for what she accept as true and gain understanding of how to convey amusement and have little outlook on life. After years of abuse, Celie no longer was afraid of Mr. She no longer cared for her husband or theShow MoreRelated Celies Transformation in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesCelies Transformation in The Color Purple      Ã‚  Ã‚   Celie is not a typical protagonist. In Alice Walkers The Color Purple, the main character Celie is an ugly, poor girl who is severely lacking in self-confidence. However, Celie transforms throughout the course of the novel and manages to realize herself as a colorful, beautiful, and proud human being. Celie becomes a powerful individual.    The Color Purple follows Celies transformation from an ugly duckling into a beautiful swan.Read MoreCritical Essay on the Color Purple1343 Words   |  6 PagesWalker’s Purple is Not Just a Color Alice Walker’s epistolary novel The Color Purple demonstrates how the mistreatment of a woman cannot prevent her from fulfilling her destiny. The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Celie, is a young, uneducated black girl who is verbally and sexually abused by her supposed father, Alphonso. He fathers two children with her, kidnapping both and presumably killing one, if not both. Because of the unwarranted trauma, she struggles for the rest of her lifeRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker921 Words   |  4 PagesAlice Walker’s realistic novel, The Color Purple revolves around many concerns that both African American men and women faced in an era, where numerous concerns of discrimination were raised. Religious and gender issues are confronted by the main characters which drive the plot and paint a clear image of what life may possibly have been like inside an African American home. Difficulties were faced by each and every character specifically Celie an d Nettie who suffered heavy discrimination throughoutRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker926 Words   |  4 PagesThe award-winning novel, â€Å"The Color Purple† by Alice Walker, is a story about a woman going through cruel things such as: incest, rape, and physical abuse. This greatly written novel comes from a very active feminist author who used many of her own experiences, as well as things that were happening during that era, in her writing. â€Å"The Color Purple† takes place in the early 1900s, and symbolizes the economic, emotional, and social deprivation that African American women faced in Southern statesRead MoreColors And Independence In Alice Walkers The Color Purple1555 Words   |  7 Pages Alice Walker’s masterpiece, The Color Purple, uses ordinary things such as clothes, colors, jobs, and money as strong symbolism. In this book, pants symbolize independence. Pants change the way society views and treats a person. They also convey that a person is strong, confident, free, and equal to others. Alice Walker shows the reader how wearing pants can have a big effect on a person’s life, especially if that person is a woman in the early twentieth century. From the beginning of time to lessRead MoreFeminine Narrative in Alice Walkers The Color Purple Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding Alice Walker’s The Color Purple, has been considered by critics as effectively using â€Å"narrative techniques† to make readers cry (Warhol 183). Emphasizing on these matters, Robyn R. Warhol, the author of â€Å"Narration Produces Gender: Femininity as Affect and Effect in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple†, analyzes the usefulness of the novel’s narration approaches, focusing on the meaning of Nettie’s letters to Celie and especially the fairy-tale unity in Celie’s last letter. Using The Color PurpleRead MoreDouble Discrimination Exposed in The Color Purple Essay953 Words   |  4 Pageswith being black and female, a double-edged sword.nbsp; In her novel, The Color Purple, author Alice Walker introduces southern black female characters that not only faced slavery, but sexism, racism and oppress ion.nbsp; Through a series of letters, mostly addressed to god, by the main character Celie, we travel through a span of thirty to forty years in the early nineteenth century.nbsp; Throughout the novel, Walker not only describes the injustices against African-Americans, but forces usRead MoreThe Color Purple And Stephen Crane s Maggie, A Girl Of The Streets1565 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior, or they can make an effort to overcome their battle, and make something of themselves. Regardless of the contrasting endings in Alice Walker s The Color Purple and Stephen Crane s Maggie, a Girl of the Streets, both female protagonists are impacted immensely by the abuse and neglect they endured early on in their lives. In The Color Purple, Celie, a young black woman is abused by her father. Ever since she was a little girl he beat her. He beat me today cause he say I winked at a boyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Color Purple By Alice Walker1444 Words   |  6 Pages2014 Literary Review 1. The Color Purple by Alice Walker; The color purple is commonly used to symbolize royalty and a deep connection spiritually. Celie, the main character in the novel, writes many of her very personal letters and thoughts that she has never shared with to anyone else to God. She deeply connects spiritually with God. She knows that, unlike everyone else present around her in society, God will neither discriminate or judge her. In addition, when Celie finds herself in a time of needRead MoreEssay on Race and Class in Alice Walkers Color Purple1622 Words   |  7 PagesEssay on Race and Class in The Color Purple  Ã‚     Ã‚   An important  Ã‚  juncture in Alice Walkers The Color Purple is reached when Celie first recovers the missing letters from her long-lost sister Nettie. This discovery not only signals the introduction of a new narrator to this epistolary novel but also begins the transformation of Celie from writer to reader. Indeed, the passage in which Celie struggles to puzzle out the markings on her first envelope from Nettie provides a concrete illustration

Creative writing, Gothic Free Essays

Briskly walking through the mysterious darkness of the menacing forest, grasping tightly my withering frozen hand, my petrified newly wed wife clung on for protection. It was pitch dark on a cold foggy night in the mid days of December. We were in search of somewhere to rest our staggering and lost bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative writing, Gothic or any similar topic only for you Order Now My wife and I had been walking for miles through this never ending cursed old forest. Every step we made on the thin and almost transparent layer of snow had a sudden fall and we heard the snap, crackle and crumble of the lanky branches, crisp leaves ND woodlouse infested logs. Winter was killing the forest. The trees were hunched over and their dead beat bark was blistering under the harsh weight of the freezing bitter quilt which strained their aching ancient backs. A tunnel had been formed. It was as if they were frail, vile and disfigured old men with a dozen spindly limbs to wrap around each other for dear life. The barred branches resembled a prison in my eyes. This endless tunnel was hiding us from the crucial light of the evil eye, the moon. There were gaps in the endless arch so as to let the descending snow slowly all on to the path we were destined to walk. Suddenly as If out of nothingness appeared a red eyed beast at the top of the wretched, steep hill we were attempting to scale. The wolf approached us with her steaming breath and her head low to the ground as if she was ready for the pounce. If we had run she would have reacted with great violence, so we kept our bodies and expressions as lifeless as a china doll. Her eyes were glowing Like a fire replenishing itself; the eyes of a burning demon. Her coat was as grey as the fog that surrounded s, the beast froze corpse still, silent and motionless. Frantically I dropped the limb and clambered up the rest of the steep hill. Was I dreaming? Supernatural or what!! Terribly frightened I ran on. How could this have happened? Sprinting down the other side of the hill where this terrible happening occurred, I tripped. It was not the Inconvenient obstacle of a root or a branch that brought me to fall but something else, something Invisible and evil. I plummeted, momentarily seeing the bloody detached leg of my Innocent wife. Falling ND rolling to where the two hills meet, centre of the haunted vale where the water runs deep and fierce. It was where I was to find the rest of my wife’s limbless, battered body drained of blood by an evil split. A terror. I will avenge my poor darling wife Margarita’s death. Creative writing, Gothic By thwarted Suddenly as if out of nothingness appeared a red eyed beast at the top of the expressions as lifeless as a china doll. Her eyes were glowing like a fire replenishing the deep fog was thickening. It came to the point were we were blind in that we could As the fog drifted on I noticed that we were no longer in the presence of the vicious wolf. How to cite Creative writing, Gothic, Papers

Isolation and Society in Bartleby, the Scrivener B Essay Example For Students

Isolation and Society in Bartleby, the Scrivener B Essay artleby Scrivener EssaysIsolation and Society in Bartleby, the Scrivener Herman Melvilles Bartleby is a tale of isolation and alienation. In his story, society is primarily to blame for the creation and demise of Bartleby. Throughout the story, the characters Bartleby in particular are isolated from each other or from society. The foresters office, which can be interpreted as a microcosm of society, was teeming with walls to separate the head ranger from his employees and to separate the employees from one another. There was one large crushed-glass wall which separated the lawyer from his sycophants (although he was still able to see their shadows due to the nature of crushed glass). The other workers put up a folding green screen to hide Bartleby because of his hideous appearance, who was also alienated from the rest of the workers. The Ranger and his employees were also isolated from the outside world; their window faced a wall of trees ten feet away, with a sewer-like chasm below, and the rest of the room was of course enclosed by walls. Other indicators of isolation are evident later in the story. For instance, when the Ranger decides to move his office to get rid of Bartleby, because he can no longer stand the sight of him he has the movers leave Bartlebys green screen for last. When they finally take it, Bartleby is left the motionless occupant of an empty room, an obvious sign of isolation. Even in the vast wilderness, Bartleby is isolated. Also, Bartleby is ultimately condemned to the Caverns (a prison), the epitome of isolation. He dies alone, curled up in the fetal position up against a wall of the prison yard, which makes him seem even more alone and isolated than he was in life. Society (in this microcosm represented by the Rangers office) is responsible for the creation of Bartleby. Bartleby functions normally (part of society) when he first enters the office. However, when the Ranger asks him to do something which he considers normal activity as far as society (the office) is concerned, Bartleby refuses because of his stands on environmentalism. Really, in the story, Bartleby is nothing more than the embodiment of the refusal to perform these tasks. Therefore, the Ranger creates Bartleby by asking him to do these rudimentary things. Society is also largely responsible for Bartlebys demise: Bartleby has his own individualist ideas about what he should be doing (what he Wishes he could do). Bartleby cannot comply with the orders of his employer, because if he did so he would become part of society, and he would get a nickname like the other flunkies; Bartleby would cease to exist. Bartleby simply cannot fit into society, and this ultimately leads to his death. Thus society is obviously responsible. Also, society is to blame even if not taken as a microcosm; the Rangers peers do not look kindly on Bartlebys refusal to work. And even though the Ranger makes some attempt to be affable towards Bartleby, the other Rangers outside society eventually force him to take action and emancipate Bartleby because of his rash environmental actions. The ideas of isolation and alienation are prominent in Bartleby. The authors use of walls as symbols in the story is almost to the point of being overt, and this only adds to the theme of isolation and alienation. Society is also more or less to blame for Bartleby, even though there was really nothing that society (or Bartleby, for that matter) could have done to prevent it; they were simply incompatible and the only consolation is that Bartleby went to heaven, where he was not persecuted.

Self and Community Our World

Question: Discuss about theSelf and Communityfor Our World. Answer: Introduction Human beings have a great responsibility towards ensuring flourish of all people in the society. The current accounting professional practice world requires people who are knowledgeable, creative and critical, and reflective when it comes to solving the challenges surrounding the enterprise. For me, every business organisation faces numerous challenges and issues which must get addressed in the most appropriate methods. As a student in the field of Diploma in Commerce, (major in accounting), my research shows that problems which hinder success and progress of a company's objectives are human based. Such issues include financial frauds, poor cooperation amongst stakeholders, and communication problems. Most of these matters in the commerce sector relate to the dignity of human person and attempts of realising the common good within the professional practice and may be addressed in the following approaches now and in the future. I have been able to observe that there are people whose moral and ethical professional practices are vulnerable in their communication language, creativeness, knowledge and skills, and career attributes in a manner that poses a threat to the overall performance of an enterprise. I have noted that fraud is one big cancer in the operational effectiveness of an organisation. Being a student of commerce, major accounting, accountants have a perceived pressure, opportunity and driven by rationalisation to conceal money for organisations. Currently, the responsible managers in the profession establish internal controls and strict regulations to eliminate this problem. I fully support the steps taken so far in respect of the same. In my undergraduate studies, I have also noted that lack of cooperation from key members of staff to the management also hinders the success of business especially when the accountants disagree with the records presented by other departments. The accounting professionals face a significant problem in their attempts to integrate the common good into the business practice especially when it comes to financing and allocating of duties. Most times, people within the workplace disagree regarding the ways in which the staff appreciation expenses should be balanced with the benefits realised by the organisation. As a student who understands the importance of human dignity, I have seen it possible for a professional accountant to come up with compensatory strategies so that to eliminate this disagreement. If given the role of chief accountant, I would demonstrate the values of knowledge, skills, and professional attributes in the most ethical manner so that the other workmates emulate me; this would reduce the gap existing between the conflicting parties. Again, most accounting and finance departments of a firm act unethically in portraying their professional codes of practice by disclosing the primary customer's privacy and secrets to the outsiders and this highly creates competition. Lack of confidentiality of clients data arises when the employee does not explicitly recognise their responsibility to the common interest, the business climate, and to the society as a whole. To protect the privacy of clients, if am in the chief accountant, I would establish professional codes of practices which go hand in hand with well laid internal control systems so as to ensure privy of some set of confidential information. Further, poor interpersonal relationships have been arising between the employees themselves, employees and management, or the organisation with the customers or publics. As a student in the commerce sector, once recruited in a firm as an accountant, I would advocate for the use of excellent communication approaches so as to bring unity and harmonise people's ideas towards one direction. My research shows that the current managements have decentralised communication approaches and made it possible for anyone within the organisation to give his or her idea irrespective of whether a suggestion or complaint. My opinion on this method of recognising every person's input in the running of the companies operations is that it creates the common good to all and thus motivating everyone to remain creative and maximise full potential in their professional practice. Lastly, I fully support that the recognition of common good for all within a workplace creates a healthy environment for solidarity and participation since the human dignity is upheld.

Students Dating College Professors

Students Dating College Professors While relationships between students and professors arent unheard of, they can be a source for all kinds of problems. A professor is in a position of authority over a student, whether or not he or she is that students teacher or supervisor, which makes any dating arrangement tricky at best. Ultimately, if the two are consenting adults (theres no scenario where its OK for a high school teacher to date a current student), theres not much anyone can do to prevent them from pursuing a romantic relationship. But expect there to be consequences. Is It OK for College Students and Professors to Date? First things first: A student must be 18 years old to legally be able to consent to a relationship with an adult. Beyond that, some schools have specific rules about what to do if a student and a professor want to pursue a romantic relationship. If thats the case at your institution, know that the answer to your dating question lies in the faculty and/or student handbook. Breaking those rules could jeopardize the professors job and the students status. What to Do If Your School Has No Policy If youre at an institution where there arent official rules about dating, there are most likely some guidelines or unofficial community expectations. Is it frowned upon? Is it OK to date a professor, so long as youre not in one of his or her classes? Be aware that even if youre not breaking any rules, your relationship, and how its perceived could cause problems. Even if the professor isnt the students teacher when the relationship starts, problems could arise if the student ends up in the professors class later on. As a member of the faculty, the professor holds power over the student. Many schools discourage professor/student dating for these reasons. Additionally, other students may perceive a student dating a professor as having an unfair advantage. If youre dating a professor whose classes you take, students may think youre getting special treatment or grades you havent earned, no matter if you actually are. Say your professor/partner tutors you in a subject youre struggling with or helps you figure out which classes to take and get you the classes you need. From your perspective, youre just enjoying the benefits of a nice relationship. But its unfair to other students, who dont have the same access. A student dating a professor should be prepared for tension with peers, as they may envy the inside access to the faculty world. What If It Doesnt Work Out? Dating a professor can have tricky long-term consequences. If you break up, you may still have to see each other regularly around campus or, worse, in class. All those questions about fairness the relationship initially raised will remain, only the student may now be at a disadvantage, with his or her ex having power over grades and reputation with other faculty members. The student could potentially damage the professors reputation as well if he or she shares details of the relationship. Ultimately, you both need to consider the rules and have a discussion about the potential risks of a relationship. Be sure that its worth it because the costs could be severe.

Are you ready to be your own boss

Are you ready to be your own boss Let’s be honest: if you have a job, you have boss issues. Even if you like your boss, even if you work well with your boss, even if you are pretty happy at work†¦ there will inevitably be some kind of disagreement or frustration. It happens to literally everyone. When these issues pop up, whether serious or just mildly annoying, you might fantasize about what it would be like to ditch the aforementioned boss and go your own way. But not everyone is cut out to be their own boss for real. Before you quit and commit to the ideal of the boss-free lifestyle, let’s look at some of the questions you should ask yourself first if you’re serious about making this work.Does your personality mesh with the freelance life?Remember that once you embark on your new career as a business owner or freelance professional, it’s going to be just you taking care of everything. That means your own personality is going to play a large part in whether this is truly the right c hoice for your career. If the answer to any of these questions is â€Å"yes† or â€Å"kinda,† then you might want to reconsider making the jump right now.Do I need a lot of guidance in setting my own tasks- and finishing them?Do I need a lot of input from others before I can get started on a project?Do I give up quickly if a task is difficult?Am I hesitant to ask other people for things?Do I panic when things go wrong?Do I have trouble prioritizing projects or tasks without input?If the answer is â€Å"yes† to all or most of these questions, there’s no shame in that. And it’s not a dealbreaker. It just means you’re likely not ready (yet). These are all things you can work on overcoming, if your goal is to be more independent and take-charge in your work life. But when you become your own boss, you already need to have a pretty self-directed working style.Where do you get your validation?After your personality, it’s time to consider wh at makes you feel valued, and what motivates you, professionally. Ask yourself the following questions:Am I driven by my own sense of ambition or self-satisfaction?Do I need positive reinforcement from others to feel like I’ve done a good job?Again, needing an external source for these things isn’t a personality flaw. But if you are someone who takes validation and feelings of success from how others see you, then you might not find the boss role very rewarding or fulfilling. Being honest about what drives you is the key element here.What’s your social style?If you’re going freelance, there’s a good chance that at first it’ll be just you in your home office, or whatever space you’ve set aside for your new work life. And I can assure you that while pets are great, they’re not really helpful when you need to bounce ideas or chat about last night’s awards show. Here’s what you need to ponder:Am I prepared to chug alo ng solo for long periods of time, with no coworker chat breaks or face-to-face interactions to break up the work day?Am I okay with most work communication happening via email or phone?Do I need a lot of feedback from others throughout the day?Do I feel lonely if I don’t have much interaction with others during the day?And if you’re the boss, it can also mean having to shut down distractions around you as well, if your new work environment has disruptions like family members, loud noises, etc. Being the boss means you’ll likely have to both embrace and enforce the solitude factor as necessary to get things done.Are you prepared for a boss-level workload?The main difference between being the boss and acting like a boss is the workload. You can fake-it-till-you-make-it on a lot of things, like confidence. But the work you do is going to be challenging when you’re doing it on your own.Am I ready for long hours, or potentially working on weekends or holidays? Am I prepared to be a jack-of-all-trades if necessary, or do I prefer to stay in my lane?Am I prepared for the frustrations that can come with being in charge?Do I feel comfortable managing others?Realistically, work-life balance may be one of the toughest things to manage if you’re out on your own. The 40-hour work week (or whatever you’re accustomed to now) will likely balloon, once you’re doing the work of managing your business on top of the day-to-day operations of your job. If the idea of answering emails at 10 p.m. makes you want to hide, then you might want to reconsider your readiness to take this step.And if your business expands and you end up taking on employees or other contractors, you need to be prepare to manage them as well- not just yourself. Being the boss means keeping everyone focused on getting the work done.What’s your financial personality?One of the most important factors to breaking out on your own is the financial aspect.Am I pr epared to handle the logistics of income/payments, taxes, benefits, and accounting?Am I financially literate?Am I ready to make sacrifices if things don’t go well, financially?Am I good at paying bills on time?These are basic infrastructure questions. Whether you work for a big company or a small one, there are departments and policies in place, and usually there are people whose job it is to handle different aspects of workplace necessities like paychecks and benefits. When it’s a company of one, guess who’s responsible for all of that infrastructure? It may be possible to outsource a lot of the paperwork and financial details, but it will still require a degree of organization and management on your part. Being the boss means owning every aspect of your business, because your name and reputation will be on every document, every contract, every customer or client relationship. If you’re not very solid on financial issues (or don’t yet have a plan to become so), then you might not be ready to be the boss just yet.If you’re considering busting out on your own, there are lots of things to consider: your business plan, your finances, your future career goals. But before you even get to the point of nailing those down, you need to do a brutally honest assessment of whether you’re emotionally and personally ready even to start that journey. Being your own boss can be incredibly rewarding, and just may be the jump that your career needs. However, if you’re not ready to commit to all of the challenges as well as those rewards, then it just might not be the time to do this. And if you’re just not ready yet, it doesn’t mean that you never will be the boss- it just means there’s a little work to do in the meantime.

Hexin Toy Co. Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hexin Toy Co. Ltd - Case Study Example Selling concept go through in this cycle, that is product to selling & promotion to profit through sales volume. Selling concept was characterized by a heavy reliance on promotional activity to sell the products, the firm wanted to make. The selling stage, unfortunately overly aggressive selling the "the hard sell"--- & unscrupulous tactics was also involved at a stage. 1.3 Product concept: The product concept holds that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features. Product also included persons, places, organization &ideas. As example; IBM PC they offer faster system, touch stone screen, ms dos operating system, first 3.5 inch floppy drive, 30%wholesale 40% margin, Hewlett- Packard discovers. This concept very the importance of product & the consumers needs & wants. Marketing Concept: The marketing concept is a simple but very important idea. The marketing concept means that an organization aims all its efforts at satisfying its customer -at a profit. Marketing concepts constitutes with four essential elements. Such as understanding customer's need, target market, profitability and above all integrated. Marketing concepts guides the whole company effort through developing long and short term marketing plan. 1.5 Societal Marketing Concept: The societal marketing concept holds that the organization's task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that preserves or enhances the consumer's and the society's well-being. The societal marketing concept calls upon marketers to build social and ethical considerations into their marketing practices.... The product concept holds that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features. The product also included persons, places, organization &ideas. As an example; IBM PC they offer faster system, touchstone screen, ms-dos operating system, first 3.5-inch floppy drive, 30%wholesale 40% margin, Hewlett- Packard discovers. This concept very the importance of product & the consumer's needs & wants. Marketing Concept: The marketing concept is a simple but very important idea. The marketing concept means that an organization aims all its efforts at satisfying its customer –at a profit. Marketing concepts constitute with four essential elements. Such as understanding customer’s need, target market, profitability and above all integrated.1.5 Societal Marketing Concept: The societal marketing concept holds that the organization’s task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desir ed satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that preserves or enhances the consumer’s and the society’s well-being.The societal marketing concept calls upon marketers to build social and ethical considerations into their marketing practices. They must balance and juggle the often-conflicting criteria of company profits, the consumer wants satisfaction, and public interest yet a number of companies have achieved notable sales and profit gains by adopting and practicing the societal marketing concept.

See order instructions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

See order instructions - Assignment Example Krishna then tells Arjuna that it is his right to fight. He uses the following arguments; Arjuna is a Kshatriya, and so it is his dharma to fight if he disobeys he will suffer bad karma. The other argument is that the soldiers he will kill will not die, and only their bodies will die. Finally, if he refuses to fight the soldiers will die in some other way (Hindu worldviews, p.12). According to the author, the Gita justifies war based on the arguments of Krishna. Also in the Gita there are certain rules about war that are similar to the Western just war principles but justified differently. Most of the Hindu rulers have used war and most of the citizens have supported it. However, from the author most Hindus believe Ahimsa is against both animal sacrifice and war. The best-known anti-war Hindus were Vinoba Bhave and Mohandas K. Gandhi. The author also demonstrates that ‘just war’ which is the use of war to finish a war or injustice as advocated Arjuna by Krishna, shows that the end justifies the means. Gandhi reversed the order and claimed that the means justify the end. Gandhi interpreted the Gita as a spiritual message dealing with the inner human struggle and not external war (Hindu worldviews, p.14). According to the author, Gandhi had an idea that after the end of a war there will be many deaths, and the situation will be worse than it was. He also saw that Arjuna had selfish favoritism since he was not opposed to war he was just opposed to killing his relatives. Therefore, if war were acceptable, he could also kill his relatives. On the other hand, Vinoba noted that Gita teaches about the worship of God and service to others especially that in need and not killing them. The author shows that most Hindus see violence and warfare as a regular part of life, especially the Kshatriyas. The work of police officers in the criminal justice system is to ensure that

Management Information System In Mcdonalds Information Technology Essay

Management Information System In Mcdonalds Information Technology Essay In any organization, the role of information in decision making is crucial. All the effective decisions are made on the basis of timely, accurate and relevant information. An organization where the relevant information is not available, it leads to poor planning, poor priority of needs, inappropriate decision making, and defective scheduling of programs and activities. The importance of information for proper decision making led to the development of management information system for organizations. The management information system in decision making aims to develop a system for the viable and effective use of modern information approach in the modern management practices (Laudon and Laudon, 2009). Management Information System (MIS) is concerned with the streamlined process of collecting, processing, storing and transmitting the relevant and required information to support entire management operations in any organization. Management Information System comprises of three resources: Academically, management information system and decision making is commonly referred to the automation of human decision making including Decision Support Systems, Expert systems and Executive information system (Laudon and Laudon, 2009). Criteria to select data and information to support decision making There is certain criterion which must be followed in order to select data and information. The criteria include following points: Information required Source of information Reason for which that particular source collected the information The problem which will be solved by that information Evaluation of different sources for acquiring best information along with best format and mode for information Parts of information which will be used Additional information required Presentation of information in order to understand the situation and take decisions ((Laudon and Laudon, 2008) Impact of Information Management System in an organization The Management Information System is being used extensively by many businesses worldwide. The MIS is designed by the top management and is used as a tool for accumulating and assembling facts and figures about all the important business processes including: Financial management Inventory management Technical foundation Asset management Forecasting Time and expense management Procurement Work force management The implementation of Management Information System in an organization ensures the appropriate flow of information to relevant departments and people without bottlenecks. This helps in making decisions not only at internal level but at external level too (Laudon and Laudon, 2008). The entire process of MIS provides the complete, reliable, timely and quality information to decision makers. The four types of computer based management information systems used commonly in organizations are: Transaction processing system Operating information system Expert system Decision support system The Management Information System impacts the organization in following ways: The MIS in an organization ensure the accurate and timely transaction processing. The processes become efficient as there are fewer chances of duplicate data entry and maintenance. The MIS in an organization helps in streamlining records and accounting management. The business processes become standardized due to MIS. MIS provides interactive support to managers which help them in decision making. MIS provides a systematic and easy way to dig out critical information as per specific requirements in preferred formats. MIS due to its time saving feature enables the organizations to gain competitive advantage over others. Although McDonalds has a market share in South Asia but it needs to do more research and gather information regarding the flavors to be introduced, customer expectations and other relevant market information. After collecting this information, this food chain needs to communicate this information efficiently to its employees in order to have the internal opinions for final decision making (OBrien and Marakas, 2008). By collecting information along with the data and information criteria, the business will be able to have a greater level of insight into how business actually works. Importance of information sharing within the organization Every organization has different hierarchical levels constituting managers, executives, employers, employees, administrative staff and lower staff. These levels in an organizational structure are developed for the sake of job description and designations in order to make every employee, manager and executive accountable of his/her actions. Various departments in an organization have their own sets of information which are of formal and informal nature. This information usually consist of work description, company policies, rules and regulations, budget for specific department, targets for specific department, goals for department and much more (McLeod and Schell, 2006). For any organization to be successful, interaction between different business departments or units is essential. The harmonized communication within the organization leads to better understanding of different jobs which are being carried out. The employees understand their perspective goals and the contribution of every department in accomplishing those goals. The inter-departmental communication helps in developing a team force directed towards achieving the goals. For achieving goals, formal information must be communicated along departments in order to have opinions from the employees as they being part of the organization could come up with better feedback. In addition to this, the information sharing within the organization has importance in the following way: By sharing information within the organization, inter-organizational communication and networking will improve. The communication between different organizational levels will support successful management of business and business operations. The information sharing within the organization will help in the sufficient use of executive resources. The sharing of information in an organization between different departments will increase the overall ability to make rational, sound and informed decisions involving combination of complex factors. The sharing of information will also enhance confidence and speed of decision making as well. The time factor will reduce and more work could be done as the work force will know every business dimension. By knowing every department and its role, the customer service will flourish as customer service agents will be able to answer every question easily. This will also improve the personnel relations with the organization as every employee will understand the nature of work and individual contribution of every department. The sharing of information will help bring clarity in communication within the organization as every department would be able to understand common terms and terminology. With such sharing, the business operations will develop higher degree of professionalism. (OBrien and Marakas, 2008) Although sharing information has been promoted in most of the organizations but there is a need for guidance when it comes to information sharing. The organizations must understand that employees must be confident that their personal information has been kept in privacy and secure from being accessed by any other employee. The privacy rights of every employee need to be maintained. The organizations must take the employees in confidence regarding the share of information. In this, the employees must have a clear idea how their personal data might be accessed or used by the company. Same is the case with work related information sourcing, sharing and storing. Some of the work related information of other departments must be communicated in order to streamline the processes to achieve the organizational goals. However there are certain decisions and approaches applied in department judging the requirement of the work. Such information must not be shared unless proper consent has been g iven by higher management. The employees must only share such information with an open consent of higher officials (McLeod and Schell, 2006). Similarly, the organization need to streamline and direct which information should go to which department. There should be filters in the bulk of information so that the concerned employee or department receives the information only. The information of sensitive nature must be kept safe with secure privacy system so that only relevant higher management could access it. Format for offering information For any organization, choosing information sharing format must be based on underlying condition according to which a data format should only be approved for information preservation if it is fully known to the organization and the authority in charge of preserving information. There are various information sharing formats: Code Coding Encoding Metadata Publicly standardized format Published format Standard Mandatory statement These and other formats are available to organizations for offering information. However the organization must ensure that the format used must be clear to them in terms of its functioning. McDonalds must promote information sharing within departments in order to know their opinions so a better product could be launched. Use of information to support strategic decision making Decision making for any organization is the selection of course of action. The process of decision making produce a final choice and this choice can be an opinion or an action. The decision making process must be routed down to lowest possible level in the organization. But for every decision in an organization, proper and relevant information is required based on which analysis could be made and further implemented. Producing data and information should not be an end in itself but it should be made an integral part of the performance management, operations and governance arrangements of an organization. Organizations that pay central attention to the use of information while making decisions often end up making reliable choices. However, good quality data is an essential ingredient when it comes to development of reliable decision. The data must be relevant and perfect for the purpose with timely and accurate representation. In addition to this, an organization must reach for a bala nce between the importance of information required and cost of collecting such data (Haag and Cummings, 2009). Use of information to support strategic decision making could be achieved by following this timeline: Identify the decision to be made along with the goals that organization has to achieve through the decision. In this regard, determine the limitations and scope of the decision. In case of McDonalds, they can use this technique before launching the new product. They can decide if the new product should be launched in proper market or just test market. On these lines, the company needs to be very clear about their goals as well. Get as many facts as you can about the decision an organization is going to take. McDonalds must go for detailed information regarding their performances in Asian region to get the drift of their problem. After collecting these facts, the organization must communicate these facts to employees of every department in order to get the opinion on the launch of the product. After getting the facts, develop choices by developing alternatives. McDonalds can change the ingredients of their products in order to prepare different flavors. Along with identifying alternatives, create as well. This is the evaluation phase of every alternative. McDonalds now need to consider the negative aspect of every alternative (cost, problems, consequences, time needed etc) and the positives (time saved, money saved, creativity, employees happy, customers happy etc). In decision making, there is always some uncertainty regarding the choice made. So the risk comparison amongst the many alternatives must be completed before making the choice. The choice with minimum risk along with other positive aspects would work in the end. Finally take the decision. After taking the decision, implement it and then evaluate the implementation. Once the organization follows this process, it will become part of every strategic decision making. The aggregate of this information can further be used to predict trends and patterns. In case of McDonalds, they can take up this approach and use the data and information in future before launching their new product in a problem area. By following these steps, McDonalds will have a an information pool from all business processes including financial, human resource, inventory, logistics, quality control, resources etc giving out a perfect base to McDonalds in making future strategic business decisions (McDonalds, 2011). To support the strategic business decisions, there are various decision making tools and techniques which can be used. An organization can either use one or a combination of these tools depending on the amount of information and risks in decision making process. The decision making tools and techniques come in various forms and can help the organization in taking the core strategic business decision. Some of these tools are: Cost benefit analysis model Weighted matrix BCG Matrix Decision support system Decision trees SWOT PEST PMI- Pluses, minuses, interesting points Paretos Analysis Six thinking hats Mind mapping McDonalds can use all these tools and techniques in order to expand their market share in Asia region. The need is to do research in every dimension and communicate that information within the organization. There should not be any bottlenecks within the organizational communication. The decision making process would become easier if all the above steps are streamlined within the given period of planning and launching the product. By building up credible information in the information pool, McDonalds will be able to expand its operation and market easily. Evaluate and monitor Management Information System The Management Information System in an organization primarily depends on the quality of information and its source which are people, research and other sources. However this system is maintained in an organization by using the Information Technology and Information Systems. These days, due to adoption of Management Information System in all organizations, the financial investments in Information Technology and Information Systems have increased. With the growing significance of Management Information System in organizational infrastructure development, the performance and evaluation of new technology being used in these systems remains a focus for management. The evaluation process of Management Information System requires the appraisal of techniques which are being used in the information system development. The evaluation process takes into account the technologies which an enterprise is using to integrate information systems between and within organizations. The evaluation purpos e includes the costs, benefits and risks associated with the diffusion or adoption of certain technology for information systems and impact assessment through management information system in an organization (Oz, 2008). Information is a vital asset of any organization which helps determine the enterprise in creating new products and services. Information helps the organization to either withdraw from the markets or enter new markets. But information presented in raw form does not serve the purpose. For maximizing the worth of information, it is captured, quantified, analyzed, compiled, manipulated, shared and made accessible. All this requires the strong foundation and network of information systems (Laudon and Laudon, 2009). Along with considering cost for developing the information systems, the organization must consider the following factors in monitoring and evaluation of the management information system and its components: Number of users Modularity of the system Ease in integration of new components in the system Ease to remove outdated component Amount of information to be processed Type of information to be processed Computing power required by different organizational departments The anticipated functional life of components or system User friendly components for people involved For any organization, the management information system must be maintained in a way to minimize downtime. The enterprise must monitor the processing time of information in order to assure the successful implementation of management information system. A vital consideration in terms of monitoring the management information system is the users access to information in the context that which users can access the information. The organization must ensure that the system grants access to different data by applying user-level permission for access in order to avoid any legal issues regarding privacy of the information. For this, the organization can create unique profiles for each user of the management information system with relevant user-level permissions providing proper clearance. The enterprise can administer the MIS by using individual passwords in order to delineate each user along with their level of access rights. In addition to this, identification of tasks performed by each user will be possible with this password system. The user identification process can also help in gaining data, its measurement and assessment about the performance of any user (McLeod and Schell, 2006). One of the most crucial aspect of monitoring the information system is maintaining the communication between the IS staff of the organization that are involved in the technical perspective, and the system users who communicate their needs or concerns in prosaic terminology. The organization need to monitor this situation by eliminating the language barriers between the IS staff and system users with patience, negotiation and understanding. The organization must maintain a centralized body to provide assistance, information and services to the users of the systems. The information which is being stored by an enterprise builds up a current pool for all users. The archived of the information should not only be a place for storage of information but it must be updated from time to time in order to make it useable for current needs and requirements. An information system is more than software or hardware and people who design it, use it and maintain it are the integral part of this system. The staff of IS must be paired with training department in order to upgrade their skills for better application of the information system and its maintenance (Haag and Cummings, 2009). McDonalds after developing the pool of information needs to monitor it so that the company could analyze the information in order to predict the trends and patterns of the future. As the problem McDonalds had to face was due to the lack of reliable and authentic information, so need of the hour is to build a strong management information system.

Price Discrimination Essay

A seller charging competing buyers different prices for the same â€Å"commodity† or discriminating in the provision of â€Å"allowances† — compensation for advertising and other services — may be violating the Robinson-Patman Act. This kind of price discrimination may give favored customers an edge in the market that has nothing to do with their superior efficiency. Price discriminations are generally lawful, particularly if they reflect the different costs of dealing with different buyers or are the result of a seller’s attempts to meet a competitor’s offering. The Supreme Court has ruled that price discrimination claims under the Robinson-Patman Act should be evaluated consistent with broader antitrust policies. In practice, Robinson-Patman claims must meet several specific legal tests: 1.The Act applies to commodities, but not to services, and to purchases, but not to leases. 2.The goods must be of â€Å"like grade and quality.† 3.There must be likely injury to competition (that is, a private plaintiff must also show actual harm to his or her business). 4.Normally, the sales must be â€Å"in† interstate commerce (that is, the sale must be across a state line). Competitive injury may occur in one of two ways. â€Å"Primary line† injury occurs when one manufacturer reduces its prices in a specific geographic market and causes injury to its competitors in the same market. For example, it may be illegal for a manufacturer to sell below cost in a local market over a sustained period. Businesses may also be concerned about â€Å"secondary line† violations, which occur when favored customers of a supplier are given a price advantage over competing customers. Here, the injury is at the buyer’s level. The necessary harm to competition at the buyer level can be inferred from the existence of significant price discrimination over time. Courts may be starting to limit this inference to situat ions in which either the buyer or the seller has market power, on the theory that, for example, lasting competitive harm is unlikely if alternative sources of supply are available. There are two legal defenses to these types of alleged Robinson-Patman violations: (1) the price difference is justified by different costs in manufacture, sale, or delivery (e.g., volume discounts), or (2) the price concession was given in good faith to meet a competitor’s price. The Robinson-Patman Act also forbids certain discriminatory allowances or services furnished or paid to customers. In  general, it requires that a seller treat all competing customers in a proportionately equal manner. Services or facilities covered include payment for or furnishing advertising or promotional allowances, handbills, catalogues, signs, demonstrations, display and storage cabinets, special packaging, warehousing facilities, credit returns, and prizes or free merchandise for promotional contests. The cost justification does not apply if the discrimination is in allowances or services furnished. The seller must inform all of its competing customers if any services or allowances are avai lable. The seller must allow all types of competing customers to receive the services and allowances involved in a particular plan or provide some other reasonable means of participation for those who cannot use the basic plan. A more detailed discussion of these promotional issues can be found in the FTC’s Fred Meyer Guides. Under certain circumstances, a buyer who benefits from the discrimination may also be found to have violated the Act, along with the seller who grants the discrimination, if the buyer forced, or â€Å"induced,† the seller to grant a discriminatory price. Although proof of a violation of the Robinson-Patman Act often involves complex legal questions, businesses should keep in mind some of the basic practices that may be illegal under the Act. These include: †¢below-cost sales by a firm that charges higher prices in different localities, and that has a plan of recoupment; †¢price differences in the sale of identical goods that cannot be justified on the basis of cost savings or meeting a competitor’s prices; or †¢promotional allowances or services that are not practically available to all customers on proportionately equal terms. Under the Nonprofit Institutions Act, eligible nonprofit entities may purchase — and vendors may sell to them — supplies at reduced prices for the nonprofit’s own use, without violating the Robinson-Patman Act. The Health Care Services & Products Division issued a recent advisory opinion discussing the application of this exemption to pharmaceutical purchases by a nonprofit health maintenance organization. Q: I operate two stores that sell compact discs. My business is being ruined by giant discount chains that sell their products for less than my wholesale cost. What can I do? A: Discount chains may be able to buy compact discs at a lower wholesale price because it costs the manufacturer less, on a per-unit basis, to deal with large-volume customers. If so, the manufacturer may have a â€Å"cost justification† defense  to the differential pricing and the policy would not violate the Robinson-Patman Act. Q: One of my suppliers is selling parts at its company-owned store at retail prices that are below the wholesale price that it charges me for the parts. Isn’t this illegal? A: The transfer of parts from a parent to its subsidiary generally is not considered a â€Å"sale† under the Robinson-Patman Act. Thus, this situation would not have the required element of sales to two or more purchasers at different prices. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Definition of ‘Price Discrimination’ A pricing strategy that charges customers different prices for the same product or service. In pure price discrimination, the seller will charge each customer the maximum price that he or she is willing to pay. In more common forms of price discrimination, the seller places customers in groups based on certain attributes and charges each group a different price. Investopedia explains ‘Price Discrimination’ Price discrimination allows a company to earn higher profits than standard pricing because it allows firms to capture every last dollar of revenue available from each of its customers. While perfect price discrimination is illegal, when the optimal price is set for every customer, imperfect price discrimination exists. For example, movie theaters usually charge three different prices for a show. The prices target various age groups, including youth, adults and seniors. The prices fluctuate with the expected income of each age bracket, with the highest charge going to the adult population. Price Discrimination When you were young, did you ever order from the children’s menu in a restaurant? When a family with small children goes to a restaurant, they are often given a children’s menu in addition to the regular menu. If they order two similar items, one from each menu, they will find that the item ordered from the children’s menu will be a bit smaller, but its price will be much smaller. In fact, it would often be worthwhile for the entire family to order from the children’s menu, but they cannot. Restaurants usually only allow children to order from it.1 Why do restaurants use children’s menus?  Economists doubt that restaurant owners have a special love for children; they suspect that the owners find offering children’s menus to be profitable. It can be profitable if adults who come to restaurants with children are, on the average, more sensitive to prices on menus than adults who come to restaurants without children. Children often do not appreciate restaurant food and service, and often waste a large part of their food. Parents know this and do not want to pay a lot for their child’s meal. If restaurants treat children like adults, the restaurants may lose customers as families switch to fast-food restaurants. If this explanation is correct, then restaurants price discriminate.2 A seller price discriminates when it charges different prices to different buyers. The ideal form of price discrimination, from the seller’s point of view, is to charge each buyer the maximum that the buyer is willing to pay. If the seller in our monopoly example could do this, it could charge the first buyer $7.01, the second buyer $6.51, etc. In this case the marginal revenue curve becomes identical with the demand curve. The seller will sell the economically efficient amount, it would capture the entire consumers’ surplus, and it would substantially increase profits. The Simple Analytics of Monopoly-Repeated OutputMarginal CostMarginal Benefit Every seller would price discriminate if there were not two major obstacles standing in the way. First, the seller must be able to distinguish between those buyers who are willing to pay a high price from those who are not. Second, there must be substantial difficulty for a low-price buyer to resell to those willing to buy at a high price.3 Because price discrimination is potentially profitable, businesses have found many ways to do it. Theaters often charge younger customers less than adults. Doctors sometimes charge  the rich or insured patient more for services than they charge the poor or uninsured. Grocery stores have a lower price for people who bother to check the newspaper and clip coupons. Some companies, such as firms selling alcoholic beverages, produce similar products but try to promote one as a prestige brand with a much higher price. Electric utilities usually charge lower rates to people who use a lot of electricity (and thus probably have electric stoves and water heaters) than they do to those who use only a little electricity (and who probably have gas stoves and water heaters). Banks offer special interest rates on Certificates of Deposit (CDs) that will not be obtained when one lets a CD roll over. People who are more sensitive to interest rates will take the time and effort to personally renew each maturing CD. To the extent that businesses find ways to price discriminate, they eliminate the triangle of welfare loss and approach the economically efficient amount of production. Thus, the mere existence of monopoly does not prove there is economic inefficiency.